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In addition, manufacturers offer bridges, switches and a host of other components for PCI interoperability. The PCI ecosystem has helped computing and communications developers deliver silicon and boards to market faster and more cost-effectively than proprietary bus implementations. The momentum of this ecosystem is a driving force in interconnect evolution for computing and communications.
The PCI specification has an extensive following in multiple disciplines. However, as system performance has increased, the inherent limitations of a bus architecture create an overall system performance bottleneck. Increasing bus speed is not practical, because of the effects of increased signal skew.
Widening the bus complicates board and silicon layout and connector design with high pin counts and increases required board space and the number of PCB layers. As communications evolves, there is need for greater bandwidth, lower power requirements and higher port densities.
These needs cannot be met by parallel bus architectures; a highbandwidth, serial interconnect is needed. Serial interconnect technologies have been under development for several years. Serial interconnects reduce pin count, simplify board layouts Figure 4 and offer speed, scalability, reliability and flexibility not possible with parallel buses.
All versions of these interconnect technologies rely on high-speed serial HSS technologies that have advanced as silicon speeds have increased. These new interconnects range from proprietary interconnects for core network routers and switches to standardized serial technologies, applicable to computing, embedded applications and communications, including PCI Express architecture.
PCI Express architecture is the next-generation chip-tochip interconnect for computing. Intel helped develop the PCI Express architecture along with many other companies that recognized the value of a high-speed serial chip-to-chip interconnect.
Within the compute industry, the PCI Express architecture has earned a very large and committed following, developing an ecosystem of PCI Express architecture supporters:. A similar commitment is growing within the communications industry, as silicon vendors are able to reuse these foundation products and services from the compute ecosystem. The reason for this growing support lies in the architecture itself.
The enormous investment in PCI software over the last decade will not be lost. A foundation for a PCI Express architecture ecosystem that contains significant momentum already exists. More importantly, communications developers can reuse designs from computing in their new products, offering them significant cost savings and faster time-to-market opportunities.
PCI Express architecture simplifies board layout. Only one routing scheme for board layout designers and one set of PHY IP for silicon designers is needed, making it easier for equipment and silicon developers to reuse the same design across multiple products, whether they are compute, storage or communications components.
PCI Express architecture also ensures wide interoperability across chosen devices through the disciplined, thorough validation efforts of the compute industry. The breadth and depth of the PCI Express architecture ecosystem means silicon manufacturers and equipment developers have choice, availability, competitive costs, interoperability and lower barriers that enable them to innovate. The most important innovations in communications are going to come from developers with new ideas, equipment and services for their customers, not from solving interconnect problems.
Due to its scalability and ubiquity, PCI Express architecture enables these innovators to focus on giving the world these creative solutions instead of spending time creating different interconnects to differentiate their products. Advanced Switching based on PCI Express architecture is an emerging technology for data-plane and unified fabrics, and it has increasing support by fabric silicon vendors. Advanced Switching cleanly overlays the core of PCI Express technology Figure 5 , adding transaction layer capabilities to enable flexible protocol encapsulation, peer-to-peer transfers, dynamic reconfigurations, multicast and more.
It is specifically intended to complement the communications-centric portions of PCI Express. Figure 5. Common physical and interconnect layers offer important cost savings to board developers and solution providers through reusability and backplane interconnect. In addition, a strong ecosystem foundation is already in place for device manufacturers and equipment vendors to more easily adopt the new system fabric interconnect.
PCI Express architecture allows a smooth transition from PCI to a faster, more scalable interconnect technology widely accepted throughout the compute industry. Adoption of PCI Express will allow the communications and embedded industry to take advantage of the lowest cost, most widely available interconnect in the world.
Intel, as a leading silicon provider for both the communications and computing industries, is committed to aligning all of its compute and communications silicon, platforms, solutions and ecosystem-enabling with PCI Express. Intel supports PCI Express architecture and Advanced Switching based on PCI Express architecture with many programs for device manufacturers and equipment vendors that help them realize the benefits of these two technologies.
Intel products are not intended for use in medical, life saving, life sustaining applications. Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.
No portion of this site may be copied, retransmitted, reposted, duplicated or otherwise used without the express written permission of Design And Reuse. Design And Reuse. The PCI Express Architecture and Advanced Switching Interconnects for Converged Computing and Communications Executive Summary Computing and communications technologies have advanced along with changing markets, bringing these technologies together at the silicon, board and system levels.
Fewer Interconnects Simplify Convergence and Modular Communications Platforms Communications is undergoing two significant industry trends: greater convergence with computing technologies and a changing value chain that is catalyzing development and adoption of modular platforms for deploying complex, converged solutions.
Convergence combines communications and computing technologies Over their histories, computing has evolved around a single board-level interconnect, the PCI specification, while communications incorporated many board-level and system-level interconnects, some proprietary, others based on standards such as PCI.
Communications platforms need two key interconnects In reality, there will always be multiple chip-to-chip interconnects on a board. Table 1. Leaders in the tools and test equipment industry support PCI Express architecture in their products. Leading foundries support PCI Express architecture across their processes. Figure 4. Advanced Switching— A System Fabric Interconnect Advanced Switching based on PCI Express architecture is an emerging technology for data-plane and unified fabrics, and it has increasing support by fabric silicon vendors.
High reliability using a robust protocol with precise error detection and recovery within the link layer.
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